SAUSSURE: LANGUAGE AS A SOCIAL FACT Towards the end of the XIX century - apparently everything looks good for the time, and some still remain convincing for the present - the similarities of language with biology has been widely rejected. This raises the difficulty of understanding the language as an academic discipline: If the language is not the species alive, in the sense of whether the language is "stuff" that can be investigated? A layman pleased that the French language is something that can be learned, which have certain devices and in some cases the same or similar to English but in other respects different; but when the French language considered as stuff and that stuff is something strange. It is clear that the language was not a concrete object such as a table or as a stretch of land called France. You can not see or hear the French language. You can hear is the waiter Gaston said "pas si bete ...": You can see a line of prints letters on a sheet of newspaper "Le Monde":but how can we interpret a form called the French language which is behind thousands and thousands of concrete phenomena that can be observed as in the two examples that? kind of form is that language? paradigm of biology shows the relationship between the speech and language of France such as the relationship between carrot (carrot) and certain species of carrots: and to the rejection of the biological paradigm opinion, such opinion this is considered satisfactory - although people can only see or eat carrots, people important enough votes to talk about carrots species and discuss, say, genetic relationship with species potatoes. But the first time biologist have been thrown to the side of the road ; second , people have contend that paradigm can not provide a complete answer to the ongoing session. In biology , because the species is an abstraction , at least the individual species are goods that are concrete , some kinds of goods can be easily felt than carrots . But the linguistic analogy to biological individual is idiolek ; and almost all , if not all , the same as a abstraction from the broad concept of language. We can not hear idiolek Gaston as a form ; we can only hear the idiolek examples - comments which he says that he saw a tip that we left behind , and examples idiolek it does not have parallels in biology . So although it is not regarded as a particular problem by linguists of the nineteenth century , the question " How does understanding a form called a language or a dialect of the underlying reality that can be felt rather than specific utterances ? Remain open at that time . People who answer that can satisfy experts as well as experts contemporary her today is the Swiss scholar : Ferdinand de Saussure. Mongin Ferdinand de Saussure , his full name , was born in Geneva in 1857 , the son of the Huguenot families who moved from Lorraine during the French religious wars in the late sixteenth century . Although people now regard as the first Saussure provides a definition of the notion that so-called synchronic linguistics - the study of language as the system contained in the given time , which is distinguished by historical linguistics ( which to distinguish Saussure called diachronic linguistics ) is for experts contemporaries is the only approach available for studying that time was - in his lifetime was not meant to make it famous . Saussure got educated as an ancient language , and successfully while still a young man published a book entitled Memoire sur lesysteme primitive dans les langues des Voyelles indo - europeennes ( 1878) . The book was published a few weeks after his birthday XXI : When he was a student in Germany . The book is one of the basic of reconstruction of Proto- Indo- European language . Saussure gives Ecole Pratique des Hautes lecture Etudes in Paris from 1881 to 1891, before he returned to teaching in Geneva , all publishing , and almost all the lectures he gave , throughout his work more related to historical linguistics than synchronic linguistics , with in-depth analysis about the various Indo- European languages and not with the general theory that makes it famous now . In fact , although Saussure produces his work on linguistic theory in general at about 1890 ( Koerner , 1973: 29 ) , he seems reluctant to give it to someone else , and the story of how his ideas can go into publishing is a strange story . In late 1906 he was asked to take over responsibility in giving lectures on general linguistics and comparative history and languages of the Indo - European from a scholar who has quit his service for 30 years ; Saussure taught the material in the remaining years of college and in the years 1908-1909 and in 1910-1911 . In the first year college Saussure limit just about historical matters ; but when he gave the two years he was also a brief introduction to post a synchronic linguistics , and the third lecture , the entire semester is used to provide synchronous linguistic theory . Shortly afterward he died, without a chance to publish any material that theory. Some people have been asked to publish, but he always answered that for preparing lecture materials very time-consuming, but two of his colleagues, Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye decided on a new fabric of the student lecture notes along with lecture notes left by Saussure. The book they produced is called Cours de linguistique gererale (Saussure, 1916) is a medium that can be used by scholars in the world to understand the ideas of Saussure,and since this document is known as the father of twentieth-century linguist.

Tourism

Tourism is travelling for pleasure or to enjoy yourself away from the place you live. People do this for many different reasons to have fun, visit other countries and learn about cultures or just relax from stressful working life. Tourists go to various destination countries with great landmarks, places with lovely beaches or simply areas of wilderness and untouched nature. In the last few decades tourism has grown very much, mostly because peoples lifestyle have changed. They spend more money on travelling than previous generations did. Travelling has also become cheaper and more affordable. This rise of budget airlines has made it possible to afford trips to faraway countries. Explanation 1. In sentence “People do this for many different reasons to have fun” is used simple present. 2. In sentence “mostly because peoples lifestyle have changed” is used present perfect 3. In sentence “They spend more money on travelling than previous generation did” is used simple past.

Artikel Conditional Sentence

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE Conditional Sentence (Kalimat pengandaian) adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau mungkin tidak terjadi seperti yang diharapkan. Kalimat pengandaian terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu man clause (induk kalimat) dan if clause (anak kalimat). Dalam if clause terkandung syarat-syarat yang harus dipenuhi agar keadaan seperti terkandung dalam main clause dapat terwujud. Oleh karena itu, conditional sentences disebut juga kalimat bersyarat. Conditional Sentences atau kalimat pengandaian terdiri dari dua jenis yaitu real conditional (nyata) dan unreal/ contrary to fact (tidak nyata). Conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai berikut: a. digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena clause ini diawali olehif maka disebut if clause. b. digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may, must, would, could, might, etc.pada pokok kalimat (main clause). Ada beberapa tipe Conditional Sentence, yaitu: 1. Type I: Future Conditional 2. Type II: Present Conditional 3. Type III: Past Conditional 1. Type I: Future Conditional Kalimat ini mengungkapkan kejadian yang diharapkan akan terjadi di masa yang akan datang dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk terjadi. (probable condition) Pola kalimat: If + S + Verb (present), S + future tense atau subjek + future tense, if + subjek + future tense Contoh: 1. If she comes, I will give her the message. 2. If you study hard, you will pass the final exam. 3. If she wins the competition, they will give her a gold medal. 4. He will not go to the picnic, if it rains. 5. If we arrive late, she will be angry with us. 2. Type II: Present Conditional Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi sekarang tetapi tidak terjadi.(Improbable condition) Pola kalimat: If + S + Verb 2 / were + S + would + Verb1 If + S + V2, Subject + Past Future Contoh: 1. If she visited me, I would give her money. 2. 2. If I had enough time, I would go fishing. 3. If you were a sugar, I would be a ant. 4. If Natasha Rizky were my girlfriend, I would be the happiest boy in the world. 5. If he smokes less, he wouldn’t cough so much. Catatan: Pada tipe ini, to be untuk semua subyek pada IF clause adalah WERE. 3. Type III : Past Conditional Kalimat ini menyatakan peristiwa yang diharapkan terjadi di waktu lampau, tetapi tidak terjadi.(impossible condition) Pola kalimat: If + S + Past Perfect +, S + Past perfect future + Verb 3 Subject + Past perfect future, if + Subjek + Past Perfect + V3 Contoh: 1. If he had studied hard, he would have passed the final exam. 2. If the team had played well, it would have won the competition. 3. If Alter Bridge had been here, I would have been very happy. 4. If you had come to my house, you would have met me. 5. If I had known her number, i would have called her Pengertian Conditional Type 1 Conditional type 1 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan ketika result / consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) memiliki kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya realistik untuk dipenuhi di masa depan. Rumus Conditional Type 1 Rumus kalimat pengandaian ini dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut di bawah ini. 1. if + condition, result/consequence if + simple present, will + bare infinitive 2. atau rumus tanpa menggunakan koma: 3. result/consequence + if + condition will + bare infinitive + if + simple present 4. Negatif if + condition 5. Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless. Contoh Conditional Type 1 Beberapa contoh conditional type 1 dapat dilihat di bawah ini. 1. Kalimat Contoh conditional type 1 dengan koma Contoh conditional type 1 tanpa koma (+) If I have free time, I will go swimming. I will go swimming if I have free time. If the bell rings, I’ll go home. I’ll go home if the bell rings. (-) If you do not finish your homework, your teacher will be angry. Your teacher will be angry if you do not finish your homework. If he doesn’t come, I won’t be angry. I won’t be angry if he doesn’t come. Unless he comes, I will not be angry. I will not be angry unless he comes. If he comes, I won’t be angry. I won’t be angry if he comes. (?) If they invite you, will you come? Will you come if they invite you? Pengertian Conditional Type 2 Conditional type 2 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan ketika result / consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) tidak memiliki atau hanya sedikit kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi dimasa sekarang (present unreal situation) atau condition-nya sulit untuk dipenuhi di masa depan (unlikely to happen). Rumus Conditional Type 2 Rumus kalimat pengandaian ini dapat dilihat sebagai berikut. if + condition, result/consequence if + simple past, would/could/might + bare infinitive 1. atau rumus tanpa menggunakan koma: 2. result/consequence + if + condition would/could/might + bare infinitive + if + simple past 3. Negatif if + condition 4. Rumus: if…not dapat digantikan dengan unless. 5. Were Menggantikan Was Pada conditional type 2, were digunakan menggantikan was meskipun subjek yang digunakan merupakan pronoun: she, he, it, maupun kata benda tunggal. Hal ini untuk menunjukkan bahwa pengandaiannya benar-benar hanya berupa khayalan semata karena tidak condition-nya tidak mungkin dipenuhi (present unreal situation). 6. if + condition, result/consequence if + S + were, would (could/might) + bare infinitive Contoh Conditional Type 2 (+) If it rained tomorrow, I would sleep all day. (Jika besok hujan, saya akan tidur sepanjang hari.) He would sleep all day if it rained tomorrow. but I don’t have much hope it will rain (tapi saya tidak punya cukup keyakinan bahwa besok akan hujan) If Nisa studied hard, she would pass. (Jika Nisa belajar keras, dia akan lulus.) Nisa would pass if she studied hard. but Nisa doesn’t study hard (tapi Nisa tidak belajar keras.) If I had much money, I would buy a sport car. (Jika saya punya banyak uang, saya akan membeli sebuah mobil sport.) I would buy a sport car if I had much money. but I don’t have much money (tapi saya tidak punya banyak uang) If I were a millionaire, I would donate my money to charity. (Jika saya seorang millionaire, saya akan mendonasikan uang saya untuk amal.) I would donate my money to charity if I were a millionaire. but I’m not a millionaire (tapi saya bukan seorang milioner) (-) If Nisa didn’t study hard, she wouldn’t be passed. (Jika Nisa tidak belajar keras, dia tidak akan lulus.) Nisa wouldn’t be passed if she didn’t study hard. but Nisa studies hard (tapi Nisa belajar keras) If Nisa studied hard, she wouldn’t fail. (Jika Nisa belajar keras, dia tidak akan gagal.) Nisa wouldn’t fail if she studied hard. - If Nisa didn’t study hard, she would fail. atau Unless Nisa studied hard, she would fail. (Jika Nisa tidak belajar keras, dia akan gagal.) Nisa would fail If she didn’t study hard. atau Nisa would fail unless she studied hard. - If I were a millionaire, I wouldn’t donate my money to charity. I wouldn’t donate my money to charity if I were a millionaire. - (?) If Nisa didn’t study hard, would she fail? Would Nisa fail if she didn’t study hard? - If I had much money, would I buy a sport car? Would I buy a sport car if I had much money? - If I were a millionaire, would I donate my money to charity? Would I donate my money to charity If I were a millionaire? - Pengertian Conditional Type 3 Conditional type 3 adalah kalimat pengandaian yang digunakan ketika result / consequence (hasil) dari condition (syarat) tidak ada kemungkinan untuk terwujud karena condition-nya harus sudah dipenuhi di masa lalu. Rumus Conditional Type 3 Rumus kalimat pengandaian ini adalah sebagai berikut. if + condition, result/consequence if + past perfect, would/should/could/might + bare infinitive atau rumus tanpa menggunakan tanda baca koma: result/consequence + if + condition would/should/could/might + bare infinitive + if + past perfect Contoh Conditional Type 3 Beberapa contoh conditional type 3 dapat dilihat di bawah ini. (+) If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party. I would have attended your party if you had remembered to invite me. (-) If the waitress had been careful, she wouldn’t have broke many plates. She wouldn’t have broke many plates if the waitress had been careful. (?) If he had asked for forgiveness, would you have forgived him? Would you have forgived him if he had asked for forgiveness? Sumber : http://www.freelancer.in/projects/artikel-conditional.html

Conditional sentence - Tami 4sa04 from Utami_1207

Berlibur Ke Jogja

Berlibur ke Jogja

Jogja kota manis yang menarik perhatian. Banyak tempat wisata, jajanan serta barang-barang unik dari mulai pakaian, tas dan aksesoris yang dijual dengan harga murah. Jogja benar-benar menarik untuk dikunjungi. Ya, untuk kesekian kalinya saya ke jogja dan tidak ada rasa bosan. Kali ini yang membuat berbeda adalah saya ke jogja bersama teman-teman saya dan menggunakan kereta. Di perjalanan saat naik kereta, kami benar-benar menikmati perjalanan walaupun sedikit terganggu karena banyak pedagang yang mondar-mandir, tukang ngamen, sewa bantal, sampai tukang pembersih kereta semua ada di kereta ekonomi. Tapi, ini lah seninya supaya bisa untuk diceritakan.

Sesampainya di jogja saya merasa nyaman karena udara di jogja benar-benar sejuk. Tak ada polusi, tak ada macet, benar-benar jogja nyaman di hati. Kita menggunakan becak menuju ke tempat penginapan yang berada di tengah Maliboro. Hampir semua penginapan penuh, tapi kita masih dapat penginapan dengan suasana yang cukup nyaman. Setelah itu kita istirahat sejenak hingga sore karena merasa ngantuk dan lelah. Seabis magrib kami pergi ke Malioboro. Saya belanja pakaian untuk oleh-oleh kedua orang tua saya. Kami terus berjalan sampai alun-alun jogja. Di alun-alun kami wisata kuliner sate ayam khas jogja dengan harga yang sangat murah yaitu 10 tusuk dengan harga hanya 5 ribu rupiah. Kami banyak menghabiskan waktu di alun-alun dan tak terasa waktu sudah larut malam. Kami pun kembali ke penginapan untuk istirahat.

Keesokan harinya kami mengunjungi candi prambanan dan pantai parangtritis hingga sore. Malamnya kami kembali ke alun-alun untuk mencoba melewati pohon beringin yang konon mitosnya jika dapat melewati pohon tersebut permintaan yang kita minta akan dikabulkan. Setelah puas di alun-alun kami kembali ke penginapan dan beristirahat. Pagi harinya kami mengunjungi keraton Jogja, disana kami mengelilingi keraton serta mengambil foto-foto hingga tak terasa waktu sudah hampir sore. Setelah dari keraton kami mampir ke pasar bringharjo untuk berbelanja lagi. Dan setelah berbelanja kami menuju stasiun untuk kembali ke Jakarta dengan mengunakan kereta ekonomi ac. Benar-benar liburan yang menyenangkan dan sampai jumpa jogja!

Liburan Ke Bromo

Wisata Gunung Bromo, matahari terbit di Bukit Penanjakan. Pada kesempatan hari libur hari raya lebaran, saya dan keluarga pergi ke Bromo. Keinginan untuk pergi ke Bromo sudah menjadi kenyataan. Berangkat dari Jakarta malam hari. Kami berangkat menggunakan mobil pribadi. Perjalanan malam berjalan lancar walau arus kendaraan agak ramai. Akhirnya setelah hamper dua hari melakukan perjalanan kami sampai di Bromo pada pukul 07.00WIB. Kami menginap di salah satu penginapan dengan tarif yang cukup mahal per malam.

            Sebelumnya saya sudah diberitahu teman bahwa sebaiknya menyewa penginapan terlebih dahulu sebelum sampai di Bromo. Dengan bantuan google saya mendapatkan beberapa nomor telepon penginapan di Bromo, ternayata benar penginapan memang sudah penuh karena hari itu adalah hari libur lebaran idul fitri. Saya tidak patah semangat dan terus melakukan pencarian melalui google. Akhirnya dapat di salah satu penginapan yang saat itu tersisa dua kamar kosong. Kami sewa satu kamar terlebih dahulu dengan mengirim uang sebagai tanda jadi.

            Tujuan utama wisata ke Bromo adalah melihat matahari terbit dengan latar belakang pemandangan gunung Bromo dan melihat kawah gunung Bromo. Untuk melihat matahari terbit di bukit Penanjakan, kami harus bangun pagi-pagi buta pukul 03.00WIB. Sebenarnya kami sudah menyewa kendaraan hardtop yang sudah di sediakan oleh pihak penginapan. Tapi entah mengapa pihak penginapan ingkar janji dengan alasan kami belum membayar. Alasan ini terlalu mengada-ada karena kami tidak diberi tahu oleh pihak penginapan harus membayar terlebih dahulu. Namun, ada seorang warga Bromo rela menyewakan kendaraannya. Memang lebih mahal, tapi karena ingin sekali melihat pemandangan matahari terbit dan tidak memiliki waktu yang cukup lama untuk berlibur di Bromo akhirnya ayah saya menyewa mobil tersebut. Dan sangat tidak menyesal karena sudah menyewa mobil tersebut dengan harga yang cukup mahal karena kami dapat menikmati pemandangan matahari terbit yang sangat indah. Hal ini lah yang membuat saya ingin kembali liburan ke Bromo lagi.

November 29, 2008

Mr. & Mrs. Resty Navarro
Gabon, Abucay, Bataan

Dear Mr & Mrs. Navarro:

Greetings of Peace and Good Will.

We are pleased to inform you that BATAAN HEROES MEMORIAL COLLEGE is celebrating her 30th (Pearl) Foundation Anniversary on December 7-11, 2008.

For the steadfast confidence and unwavering loyalty you and your family have reposed to BATAAN HEROES MEMORIAL COLLEGE by entrusting to her the education of at least three (3) of your children and who are now successful practitioners in their respective fields, the college administration deems it proper and fitting to award you with a Plaque of Recognition.

In this regard, may we cordially invite you together with your professional alumni children to receive your award in a program for the alumni and parents on December 7, 2008 at 3:00 pm at Joyous Resort and Restaurant? (Please present this letter to the Registration Officials when you come to Joyous Resort and Restaurant on December 7, 2008 at 3:00 pm).

We hope to deserve your attendance.  BHMC shall be deeply honored with your presence in this once-in-a-lifetime affair.

CONGRATULATIONS! WELCOME HOME TO BHMC!

Very truly yours,
 

AGUILA
College Administrator